Artificial formed caries-like lesions around esthetic restorative materials

Dental restorations fail for a variety of reasons. Secondary caries is one of the primary causes of fail-ure of dental restorations. One method for reducing frequency and severity of this problem is the use of fluoride containing restorative materials. The ability of a material to inhibit secondary caries for-mation is an important clinical therapeutic property. This investigation assessed the capacity of esthetic restorative materials to resist caries in vitro.Class V cavities were prepared in buccal and lingual sur-faces of 50 extracted sound third molars. The occlusal and gingival cavosurface margin of each prepa-ration was on enamel surface. The five materials were used: Conventional glass ionomer cement Cer-amfil ß (PSP), two polyacid modified resin composites Compoglass (Vivadent) and Dyract (Dentsply/DeTrey), non fluoride releasing composite resin Valux Plus (3M) and fluoride releasing composite resin Tetric (Vivadent). After 10 weeks in an acid gel for caries-like lesion formation, the teeth were sectioned occluso-gingivally through the middle of the restorations and examined by polar-ized light microscopy, while immersed in water. The statistical analysis of the results showed that sec-ondary caries initiation and progression might be reduced significantly when fluoride-containing materials were placed. The conventional glass ionomer cement (Ceramfil ß) provided the highest pro-tection against caries attack and the non-fluoride releasing composite resin (Valux Plus) restoration provided the least (p<0.05).

1. Allan DN. A longitudinal study of dental restorations. Br Dent J 143: 87-89, 1977.

2. Mjor IA. Placement and replacement of restorations. Oper Dent 6: 49-54,1981.

3. Mjor IA. Frequency of secondary caries at various anatomical locations. Oper Dent 10: 88, 1985.

4. Boyd MA, Richardson AS. Frequency of amalgam replacement in general dental practice. J Canad Dent Assoc 51: 763-766,1985.

5. Kidd EA, Toffenetti F, Mjor IA. Secondary caries. Int Dent J 42: 127- 138, 1992.

6. Forsten L. Short and long term fluoride release from glass ionomers and other fluoride containing filling materials in vitro. Scand J Dent Res 98: 179-185, 1990.

7. Rawls HR , Zimmermann BF. Fluoride-exchanging resins for caries protection. Caries Res 17:32-43, 1983.

8. Skartveit L, Tveit AB, Ekstrand J. Fluoride release from a fluo-ride containing amalgam in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 93: 448-452, 1985.

9. Olsen BT, Garcia Godoy F, Marshall TD, Barnwell GM. Fluoride release from glass ionomer-lined amalgam restorations. Am J Dent 2: 89 –91, 1989.

10. Forsten L. Fluoride release and uptake by glass ionomers. Scand J Dent Res 99: 241-245, 1991.

11. Donly KJ, Ingram C. An in vitro caries inhibition of photopoly-merized glass ionomer liners. J Dent Child 64:128-130, 1997.

12. Dionysopoulos P, Kotsanos N, Papadogiannis Y, Kotstantinidis A. Artificial secondary caries around two new F-containing restora-tives. Oper Dent 23: 81-86, 1998.

13. Hse KMY, Leung SK, Wei SHY. Resin-ionomer restorative materials for children: A review. Aust Dent J 44: 1-11, 1999.

14. Retief DH, Bradley EL, Denton JC, Switzer P. Enamel and cementum fluoride uptake from a glass ionomer cement. Caries Res 18: 250-257, 1984.

15. Forss H, Seppa L. Prevention of enamel demineralization adja-cent to glass ionomer filling materials. Scand J Dent Res 98: 173-178, 1990.

16. Skartveit L, Tveit AB, Totdal B, Ovrebo R, Raadal M. In vivo flu-oride uptake in enamel and dentine from fluoride containing material. J Dent Child 57: 97-100, 1990.

17. Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM, Silverstone LM. Secondary caries forma-tion in vitro around glass ionomer restorations. Quintessence Int 17: 527-532, 1986.

18. Tyas MJ. Cariostatic effect of glass ionomer cement: A five-year clinical study. Aust Dent J 36:236-239, 1991.

19. Varpio M, Noren JG. Artificial caries in primary and permanent teeth adjacent to composite resin and glass ionomer cement restorations. Pediatr Dent 16: 107-109, 1994.

20. Seppa L, Torppa-Saarinen E, Luoma H. Effect of different glass ionomers on the acid production and electrolyte metabolism of streptococcus mutans ingbritt. Caries Res 26: 434-438, 1992.

21. Benelli EM, Serra MC, Rodrigues Jr AL, Curry JA. In situ anti-cariogenic potential of glass ionomer cement. Caries Res 27: 280-284, 1993.

22. Seppa L, Korhonen A, Nuutinen A. Inhibitory effect on S. mutans by fluoride treated conventional and resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements. Eur J Oral Sci 103: 182-185, 1995.

23. Burgess JO, Norling BK, Ralph Rawls H, Ong JL. Directly placed esthetic restorative materials. The Continuum Com-pendium 17: 731-748, 1996.

24. Guggenberger R, May R, Stefan KP. New trends in glass-ionomer chemistry. Biomaterials 19: 479-483, 1998.

25. Momoi Y, Mc Cabe JF. Fluoride release from light activated glass ionomer restorative cements. Dent Mater 9: 151-154, 1993.

26. Forsten L. Resin-modified glass ionomer cements: fluoride release and uptake. Acta Odontol Scand 53: 222-225, 1995.

27. De Araujo FB, Garcia-Goday F, Curry JA, Conceiçao EN. Fluo-ride release from fluoride-containing materials. Oper Dent 21: 185- 190, 1996.

28. Tam LE, Çhan GPL, Yim D. In vitro caries inhibition effects by conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations. Oper Dent 22: 4-14, 1997.

29. Donly KJ, Segura A, Wefel JS, Hogan BA. Evaluating the effect of fluoride releasing dental materials on adjacent interproximal caries. JADA 130: 817-825, 1999.

30. Suljak JP, Hatibovic-Kofman S. A fluoride release-adsorption-release system applied to fluoride releasing restorative materials. Quintessence Intl 27: 635-638,1996.

31. Arends J, Ruben J. Fluoride release from a composite resin. Quintessence Int 19: 513-514, 1988.

32. Swift EJ. Fluoride release from two composite resins. Quintes-sence Int 20: 895-897, 1989.

33. Young A,Von Der Fehr FR, Sonju T, Nordbo H. Fluoride release and uptake in vitro from a composite resin and two orthodontic adhesives. Acta Odontol Scand 54: 223-228, 1996.

34. Zimmerman BF, Rawls HR, Querens AE. Prevention of in vitro secondary caries with an experimental fluoride exchanging restorative resin. J Dent Res 63: 689-692, 1984.

35. Arends J, Ruben J, Dijkman AG. The effect of fluoride-contain-ing composite resin on secondary caries: an in vitro study. Quin-tessence Int 21: 671-674, 1990.

36. Tantbirojin D, Retief DH, Russell CM. Enamel, cementum and dentin fluoride uptake from a fluoride releasing resin composite. Am J Dent 5: 226-232, 1992.

37. Hattab FN, Mok YC, Agnew EC. Artificially formed caries-like lesions around restorative materials. JADA 118: 193-197, 1989.

38. Dunne SM, Goolnik JS, Millar BJ, Seddon RP. Caries inhibition by a resin modified and a conventional glass ionomer cement, in vitro. J Dent 24: 91-94, 1996.

39. Yassin OM. In vitro studies of the effect of a dental explorer on the formation of an artificial carious lesion. J Dent Child 62: 111-117, 1995.

40. Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM, Silverstone LM. Initiation and progression of caries-like lesions of enamel: effect of periodic treatment with syn-thetic saliva and sodium fluoride. Caries Res 19: 481-489, 1985.

41. Dionysopoulos P, Kotsanos N, Koliniotou- Koubia E, Papado-giannis Y. Secondary caries formation in-vitro around fluoride-releasing restorations. Oper Dent 19: 183-188, 1994.

42. Hicks MJ, Flaitz CM. Resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations and in vitro secondary caries formation in coronal enamel. Quin-tessence Int 31: 570-578, 2000.

43. Hals E, Andreassen BH, Bie T. Histopathology of natural caries around silver fillings. Caries Res 8: 343-358, 1974.

44. Kidd EA, Silversstone LM. Remineralisation in vitro of artificial caries-like lesions product in relation to amalgam restorations. Caries Res 12: 238-242, 1978.

45. Heintze U, Mornstad H. Artificial caries-like lesions around con-ventional, fluoride-containing and dispersed amalgams. Caries Res 14: 414-421, 1980.

46. Kidd EA. The histopathology of artificial lesions created in vitro in relation to unfilled and filled cavities. Caries Res 11: 173-177. 1977.

47. Weatherell JA, Deutsch D, Robinson C, Hallsworth AS. Assimi-lation of fluoride by enamel throughout the life of the tooth. Caries Res 11: Suppl. 1, p. 85-115, 1977.

48. Kidd EA. Cavity sealing ability of composite and glass ionomer cement restorations. An assessment in vitro. Br Dent J 144: 139-142, 1978.

49. Swartz ML, Phillips RW, Clark HC. Long- term F release from glass ionomer cements. J Dent Res 63: 158-160, 1984.

50. Musa A, Pearson GJ, Davies EH. Fluoride ion release from light activated and conventional glass ionomer cements. J Dent Res 73 Abstracts of Papers p 844 Abstract 459, 1994.

51. El Mallakh BF, Sarkar NK. Fluoride release from glass ionomer cements in de-ionized water and artificial saliva. Dent Mater 6: 118- 122, 1990.

52. De Schepper EJ, Berry EA, Cailleteau JG, Tate WH. A compar-ative study of fluoride release from glass ionomer cements. Quin-tessence Int 22: 215-220, 1991.

53. Forsten L. Fluoride release and uptake by glass ionomers and related materials and its clinical effect. Biomaterials 19: 503-508, 1998.

54. Dijkman GE, Arends J. Secondary caries in situ around fluoride releasing light-curing composites: A quantitative model investi-gation on four materials with a fluoride content between 0 and 26 vol %. Caries Res 26: 351-357, 1992.

55. Hsu CYS, Donly KJ, Drake DR, Wefel JS. Effect of aged fluo-ride-containing restorative materials on recurrent root caries. J Dent Res 77: 418-425, 1998.